Velociraptor mongoliensis

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When first described in , Velociraptor was placed in the family Megalosauridae , as was the case with most carnivorous dinosaurs at the time Megalosauridae, like Megalosaurus , functioned as a sort of 'wastebin' taxon, where many unrelated species were grouped together.

All dromaeosaurids have also been referred to the family Archaeopterygidae by at least one author which would, in effect, make Velociraptor a flightless bird. Whether Velociraptor was a bird or a dinosaur depends on the definition being used. Phylogenetically, all members of the clade Aves are dinosaurs. However, in Linnean taxonomy and common terminology, a "bird" is not just a member of Aves but any animal with feathers. Under the latter definition, Velociraptor and all maniraptoran dinosaurs are actually birds, since feather-bearing animals are known from every maniraptoran group.

While there is, as yet, no fossil evidence to confirm that Velociraptor had feathers, there is no reason to suspect it of being an exception. It has been recently suggested that Velociraptor and other dromaeosaurids were true birds, both under the phylogenetic definition and under the common usage of the word. The "Fighting Dinosaurs" specimen, found in , preserves a Velociraptor and Protoceratops in combat and provides direct evidence of predatory behavior.

When originally reported, it was hypothesized that the two animals drowned. Burial must have been extremely fast, judging from the lifelike poses in which the animals were preserved. Both forelimbs and one hindlimb of the Protoceratops are missing, which has been seen as evidence of scavenging by other animals.

The distinctive claw, on the second digit of dromaeosaurids, has traditionally been depicted as a slashing weapon; its assumed use being to cut and disembowel prey. This suggests Velociraptor may have used its sickle claw for precision killing by piercing vital organs such as the jugular vein , carotid artery , or trachea windpipe , rather than slashing the abdomen. The inside edge of the claw was rounded and not at all sharp, which may have precluded any sort of cutting or slashing action, although only the bony core of the claw is known, so the keratin sheath may have had a sharper edge.

However, it is unlikely that any sharp edge could be maintained, as the claw was not retractable for its protection, nor could it easily be sharpened by scraping against other objects, as seen in cats. The thick abdominal wall of skin and muscle would have been difficult to slash with such a dull cutting surface. The producers of the program created an artificial Velociraptor leg with a sickle claw and used a pork belly to simulate the dinosaur's prey. The sickle claw did not fully penetrate the abdominal wall, indicating that the claw was not used to disembowel prey.

Remains of Deinonychus , a closely related dromaeosaurid, have commonly been found in aggregations of several individuals. Deinonychus is also occasionally found in association with a larger herbivore, Tenontosaurus , which has been seen as evidence of cooperative hunting. Velociraptor was probably warm-blooded to some degree, as it required a significant amount of energy to hunt. Modern animals that possess feathery or furry coats, like Velociraptor likely did, tend to be warm-blooded, since these coverings function as insulation.

However, bone growth rates in dromaeosaurids and some early birds suggest a more moderate metabolism, compared with most modern warm-blooded mammals and birds. The kiwi is similar to dromaeosaurids in anatomy, feather type, bone structure and even the narrow anatomy of the nasal passages usually a key indicator of metabolism. The kiwi is a highly active, if specialized, flightless bird, with a stable body temperature and a fairly low resting metabolic rate, making it a good model for the metabolism of primitive birds and dromaeosaurids.

Velociraptor is well-known in its role as a vicious and cunning killer, from the novel Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton, and its film adaptation , directed by Steven Spielberg. The "raptors" portrayed in Jurassic Park were modelled after a slightly larger relative, Deinonychus , which some scientists at the time called Velociraptor antirrhopus. A character in Crichton's novel also states that " Deinonychus is now considered one of the velociraptors", indicating that Crichton used this taxonomy , though the "raptors" in the novel are referred to as V.

Velociraptor as portrayed in the movie Jurassic Park. Note large size and incorrect hand posture. The Velociraptor depicted in the Jurassic Park films were scientifically inaccurate in numerous ways. One major discrepancy, possibly explained by the fact that Deinonychus was used as a model, is that the size of the Velociraptor in the film was much greater than their diminutive real-world counterparts.

The size of the film's Velociraptor may also have been increased for dramatic reasons by director Steven Spielberg. No evidence of body scales has been reported for any maniraptoran dinosaur and it is more likely that they were covered in feathers, though no direct fossil evidence of integument of any kind exists for Velociraptor itself.

Jurassic Park III does depict a type of feathers on its Velociraptor , quill-like structures along the back of the head and neck, although these do not resemble the down-like feathers known from real-life dromaeosaurids. Additionally, the forelimbs of the film animals did not closely resemble those of real dromaeosaurids and their tails were too short and flexible, anatomical errors which directly contradict fossil evidence.

In the sequel film Jurassic Park III , one character states that Velociraptor were smarter than dolphins, whales and primates. Based on fossil evidence, this is highly unlikely, and it is more probable that, while intelligent by dinosaur standards, they were less intelligent than modern big cats.

Since the success of Jurassic Park , Velociraptor has become a ubiquitous representation of dinosaurs in popular culture. It has appeared in several other films and television programs, including several of The Land Before Time animated films and a spin-off of the Transformers television series, Beast Wars. Velociraptor was also featured in three documentary programs, The Discovery Channel 's Dinosaur Planet , most notably a female trying to locate a pack, a special of the BBC's Walking With Velociraptor has also appeared in the realms of music and sport.

For example, the Toronto Raptors, an National Basketball Association franchise, adopted a stylised Velociraptor as their logo, while the band Norma Jean named their tour the "Velociraptour". There is also a robotic toy based on Velociraptor , called Roboraptor.

Aside from titles based on Jurassic Park , Velociraptor has also been featured in other video games, including the Dino Crisis series, the Turok series, and World of Warcraft. Paleontology Wiki Explore. Wiki Content. Dinosaur List of dinosaur classifications List of dinosaurs Dinosaur-bird connection Classification of dinosaurs Dinosaur classification Dinosaur size. Explore Wikis Community Central. Register Don't have an account?

View source. History Talk 0. Important features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton II: information from newly collected specimens of Velociraptor mongoliensis. American Museum Novitates : Three new Theropoda, Protoceratops zone, central Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 44 2 : Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Carnivorous dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia. The discovery of an unknown continent. Natural History Narrative of the Polish-Mongolian Paleontological Expeditions.

Paleontologica Polonica Djadokhta correlative strata in Chinese Inner Mongolia: An overview of the stratigraphy, sedimentary geology, and paleontology and comparisons with the type locality in the pre-Altai Gobi. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Important features of the dromaeosaur skeleton: information from a new specimen. American Museum Novitates, : Dinosaur distribution. In: Weishampel, D. The Dinosauria 2nd Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press. A Geologic Time Scale Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Their short forelimbs made liftoff impossible, though they may be the evolutionary remnants of an ancient ancestor's flight-giving wings. Velociraptor was probably one of the more intelligent dinosaurs, because it had a large brain proportionate to its body size. It was formidable on land and, as the name suggests, almost certainly covered ground quickly.

Moving upright on two legs, they may have been able to reach speeds of 24 miles an hour 39 kilometers an hour. When they caught up to prey, these predators likely brought them down quickly with a long, 3. Velociraptor is known to have preyed on herbivores such as Protoceratops. One famous fossil immortalized the two species locked in an ancient duel to the death. All rights reserved. Share Tweet Email. Go Further. Animals Wildlife Watch A new app aims to help save critically endangered sea turtles.

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